A ceramic-metal voltage reference tube

A glow discharge voltage reference tube constructed entirely of ceramic and metal has been developed. Minimum size (T2), extreme ruggedness, and unusual electrical stability characterize the tube. Operating voltage is approximately 85 v. Performance of the reference tube under conditions of shock, vibration, high temperature, and high altitude is described. Operating voltage stability over extended periods is demonstrated by presenting the results of precision measurements. Other aspects, such as temperature coefficient, ionization voltage, and the slope and smoothness of the voltage-current characteristic are discussed.