Title :
Modeling annealed proton-exchanged directional couplers with nonlinear diffusion theory
Author_Institution :
Charles Stark Draper Lab. Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
Abstract :
The coupling lengths of annealed proton exchanged directional couplers are calculated using a recently proposed nonlinear diffusion model and compared with experiment. The coupling lengths were predicted using the matrix effective refractive index (MERI) method and found to agree with experiment within measurement error for anneal times of 5 h. Some moderate amount of systematic error appears for longer anneal times; however, the new model is still far more accurate than the traditional linear diffusion model, which results in a large overestimation of the coupling length.<>
Keywords :
directional couplers; integrated optics; ion exchange; optical couplers; optical waveguide theory; refractive index; 5 h; anneal times; annealed proton-exchanged directional couplers; coupling lengths; linear diffusion model; matrix effective refractive index; measurement error; nonlinear diffusion model; nonlinear diffusion theory; systematic error; Couplings; Directional couplers; Hydrogen; Measurement errors; Protons; Refractive index; Simulated annealing; Slabs; Symmetric matrices; Transmission line matrix methods;
Journal_Title :
Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE
