Tunnel diodes

This paper presents a review of the properties, principle of operation, and implications of the tunnel diode. Following a brief description of the unusual characteristics of this device, a discussion is given of the mechanism which leads to the negative resistance. Experiments showing the transition from the tunnel diode characteristic to that of a high-voltage avalanche diode are exhibited. The electrical characteristics of tunnel diodes are outlined making use of the small-signal equivalent circuit which represents the behavior in the negative resistance region. Diodes designed for high-frequency operation are described and examples are given of circuits which demonstrate their behavior as switches, radio receivers, and microwave oscillators. In connection with a discussion of the temperature dependence of these devices, experiments are described which demonstrate the importance of phonons in determining their characteristics at the temperature of liquid helium