Abstract :
For large-scale applications, hybrid pixel detectors, in which sensor and read-out chip are separate entities, constitute the state of the art in pixel detector technology to date. They have been developed and start to be used as tracking detectors and also imaging devices in radiography, autoradiography, protein crystallography and in X-ray astronomy. A number of trends and possibilities for future applications in these fields with improved performance, less material, high read-out speed, large radiation tolerance, and potential off-the-shelf availability have appeared and are momentarily advanced to greater maturity. Among them are monolithic or semi-monolithic approaches which do not require complicated hybridization but come as single sensor/IC entities. Most of these are presently still in the development phase waiting to be used as detectors in experiments. The present state in pixel detector development including hybrid and (semi-) monolithic pixel techniques and their suitability for particle detection and for imaging, is reviewed.
Keywords :
X-ray astronomy; crystallography; position sensitive particle detectors; proteins; radiography; radioisotope imaging; readout electronics; reviews; semiconductor counters; IC; X-ray astronomy; autoradiography; high read-out speed; hybrid pixel detectors; imaging devices; integrated circuits; large-scale applications; monolithic pixel techniques; particle detection; potential off-the-shelf availability; protein crystallography; radiation tolerance; radiography; read-out chip; reviews; semimonolithic pixel techniques; tracking detectors; Crystallography; Large-scale systems; Optical imaging; Pixel; Protein engineering; Radiography; Space technology; X-ray detection; X-ray detectors; X-ray imaging; Hybrid pixels; imaging; monolithic pixels; pixel detector; tracking;
