Ionospheric radio propagation models and predictions--A mini-review

The ionosphere affects radio waves that are propagated within and through it. The magnitude of the effects depends upon the structure of the ionosphere and the frequency of the radio wave. Ionospheric models have been developed over the years to aid in predicting the impact of the ionosphere on ionospheric-dependent telecommunication systems. The status of ionospheric modeling and prediction efforts that are geared toward radio wave propagation system assessment is reviewed.