Printing Telegraphs on Non-Loaded Ocean Cables

This paper discusses the application of printing telegraphs to ocean cable operation. Reference is made to various improvements in apparatus and operation, tending toward increased output, and the effect of the application of these improvements from the laying of the first cable to the present time. Telegraph codes and their relation to speed and their applicability to printer operation are also discussed. Transmission methods, shaping of the signals, variable lag, and the effect of earth currents are also described in the paper. Manual, semi-automatic, and full automatic operation of long ocean cables are covered briefly. The characteristics and advantages of regenerative repeaters are pointed out and the operation of printers on cables described.