Soliton—Voltage and phase characteristics of a microwave crossed-field amplifier

The soliton approach to solving a nonlinear, partial differential equation which describes the operation of a crossed-field amplifier is extended to include all dc magnetic field values, all operating frequencies, and all three spatial dimensions. Theoretical predictions of voltage characteristics are shown to agree with the experimental data for a large variety of cases. Equations for phase shift are discussed in depth with experimental data presented to demonstrate a close correlation with theoretical predictions.