Measurements and computer simulation of fast transients through indoor and outdoor substations

The high-frequency modeling of substations is discussed. The response of three different substations (both indoor compartmented substations and outdoor substations) to fast front overvoltages (lightning overvoltages) has been measured by a low-voltage injection technique. Detailed modeling of substations, including busbars, circuit breakers, and disconnectors, has been derived from the test results. EMTP (electromagnetic transient program) simulations were run using these models, and in most cases very good agreement has been obtained with another independent series of tests