Title :
Full-Vectorial Three-Dimensional Finite Element Optical Simulation of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
Author_Institution :
Furukawa Electr. Inst. of Technol. Ltd., Budapest
Abstract :
The electromagnetic problem of modeling vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with their full 3D structure is analyzed. The vectorial Helmholtz equation is discretized on prism elements, and the resulting complex symmetric generalized eigen- problem is solved by an efficient numerical technique. The full-vectorial treatment enables one to determine the polarization characteristics of these lasers. The model is compared to 2D calculations and is demonstrated for advanced laser diodes incorporating surface reliefs and photonic crystal patterns.
Keywords :
Helmholtz equations; finite element analysis; laser beams; laser cavity resonators; light polarisation; photonic crystals; semiconductor lasers; surface emitting lasers; full-vectorial 3D finite element optical simulation; optical polarization; photonic crystal patterns; surface reliefs; symmetric generalized eigenproblem; vectorial Helmholtz equation; vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers; Diode lasers; Electromagnetic analysis; Electromagnetic modeling; Electromagnetic wave polarization; Equations; Finite element methods; Laser modes; Surface emitting lasers; Surface treatment; Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers; Finite element method (FEM); numerical modeling; photonic crystal (PhC); polarization; vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL);
Journal_Title :
Lightwave Technology, Journal of
DOI :
10.1109/JLT.2007.902742
