Ground state ESR measurements of ruby during laser action

The use of electron spin resonance for measurement of the ground state population (GSP) of Cr³⁺in a ruby rod during optical pumping is described. For a 7.7 cm long rod at 90°K and a mirror reflectance product , the GSP at laser threshold was found to be 55 ± 5 percent in good agreement with theory and previous optical measurements. At room temperature, a limiting value of approximately 30 percent for the GSP was approached at high pump energies. Observations of the relative thresholds at 90°K as a function of mirror reflectivity indicated that the²E excited state absorption cross section at the laser wavelength is less than cm². Detection of total internal reflection oscillations in cooled ruby lasers from ESR observations is also described.