Title :
Vacuum phototriodes for the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap
Author :
Bell, K.W. ; Brown, R.M. ; Cockerill, D.J.A. ; Flower, P S ; Hobson, P.R. ; Kennedy, B.W. ; Lintern, A L ; Selby, C.S. ; Sharif, O. ; Sproston, M. ; Williams, J.H.
Author_Institution :
CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Lab., Chilton, UK
Abstract :
The measurement of scintillation light from the lead tungstate crystals of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) poses a substantial technical challenge, particularly in the endcap regions, where the radiation levels are highest. The photodetectors must be fast, sensitive, radiation-hard, and operate with significant internal gain in a magnetic field of 4 Tesla. The measured performance characteristics of the first batches of series production vacuum phototriodes (VPT), developed to satisfy the needs of CMS, will be described.
Keywords :
calorimeters; magnetic fields; particle calorimetry; photodetectors; photomultipliers; position sensitive particle detectors; radiation hardening; solid scintillation detectors; triodes; 4 tesla; CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap; compact muon solenoid electromagnetic calorimeter; lead tungstate crystals; magnetic field; photodetectors; photomultipliers; radiation levels; radiation-hard; scintillation light; vacuum phototriodes; Collision mitigation; Crystals; Electromagnetic measurements; Electromagnetic radiation; Magnetic field measurement; Mesons; Particle measurements; Photodetectors; Production; Solenoids; Calorimetry; photodetectors; photomultipliers;
Journal_Title :
Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on
DOI :
10.1109/TNS.2004.836053
