Detecting landmines with ground-penetrating radar using feature-based rules, order statistics, and adaptive whitening

An approach to detecting landmines using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) based on feature-based rules, order statistics, and adaptive whitening (FROSAW) is described. FROSAW relies on independent adaptation of whitening statistics in different depths and combining feature-based methods with anomaly detection using rules. Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors are used for anomaly detection on the depth-dependent adaptively whitened data. A single CFAR confidence measure is computed via a function of order statistics. Anomalies are detected at locations with high CFAR confidence. Depth-dependent features are computed on regions containing anomalies. Rules based on the features are used to reject alarms that do not exhibit mine-like properties. The utility of combining the CFAR and feature-based methods is evaluated. The algorithms and analysis are applied to data acquired from tens of thousands of square meters from several outdoor test sites with a state-of-the-art array of GPR sensors.