Topological equivalence of inductorless ladder structures using integrators

The leapfrog ladder synthesis technique is shown to be topologically equivalent to gyrator-simulated inductance methods of simulating ladder filters. The topological equivalence employs nullors to show that the leapfrog structure is equivalent to embedding a grounded negative element between two matched negative immittance inverters. Low-pass and bandpass ladder networks may be obtained as interconnected biquads by inspection of the low-pass prototype LC ladder.