Sensitivity comparison of high-Q second-order active filter synthesis techniques

The sensitivity performance of high- quadratic sections is often studied in terms of sensitivity. This contribution shows that many classes of realization, including those exhibiting high- sensitivity, are not particularly dependent on sensitivity, insofar as overall sensitivity performance is concerned. A comparative study of gyrator-, generalized immittance converter (GIC-), and biquad-type realizations with correctly designed single-amplifier structures reveals that the nonideal performance, as a function of tolerances and amplifier imperfections, is about the same regardless of sensitivity. The paper also classifies realization techniques according to their Schoffier and worstcase sensitivities. The sensitivity of certain well-known single-amplifier structures to amplifier gain bandwidth product is evaluated and minimized.