Operator training simulator: component models

Models of loads, protective relays, transformers, generators, and multiterminal HVDC links tailored for an operator training simulator (OTS) are described. These models, although similar to the ones used for power flow and long-term dynamic simulations, are adapted to the combination of static and slow dynamic solutions that comprise an OTS. The models also represent a compromise between the accuracy requirements of the OTS and the real-time computation requirement. The unique features of the models and the special needs they fill are pointed out