Closed-Form Mathematical Solutions to Some Network Analyzer Calibration Equations

A general evaluation procedure is described for calibration of a linear complex reflectometer (network analyzer) and for two-port measurements. New closed-form formulas and procedures are given for two practical cases: 1) calibration or measurement with two known standards and a sliding termination; 2) calibration or measurement by one standard and two different sliding terminations. The reflection coefficient magnitudes and phases of these sliding terminations need not be known. The closed-form formulas make it possible to determine calibration constants by direct calculation without approximations or complicated multivariable iterations.