Development of high efficiency wafer bonded 4-junction solar cells for concentrator photovoltaic applications

The next generation of multi-junction concentrator solar cells will have to reach higher efficiencies than today´s devices. At the same time these solar cells must be reliable in the field, be manufacturable with good yield and at sufficiently low cost. Inevitably the request of higher efficiency requires four or even more junction devices. A four-junction solar cell combination of GaInP/GaAs//GaInAsP/GaInAs with bandgap energies of 1.9, 1.4, 1.1, 0.7 eV is developed in a close collaboration between the Fraunhofer ISE, Soitec, CEA-LETI and HZB. This 4-junction cell hits close to the optimum of theoretical efficiency contour plots and has the potential to reach efficiencies up to 50 % under concentration. Challenges are associated with lattice-mismatch between GaAs and InP which is overcome by direct wafer-bonding. The high cost of the InP is addressed by the use of engineered substrates which only require a 500 nm thin mono-crystalline InP layer instead of several hundred μm. Excellent solar cell results up to 44.7 % efficiency have been obtained under concentration for devices manufactured on InP bulk substrates. The high cell efficiency is also supported by out-door characterization of one cell below a Fresnel lens with 16 cm² aperture area. 38.5 % conversion efficiency has been measured for this mono-module in Freiburg under real operating conditions without any corrections.