Solid-State Physical Transducers for Biomedical Research

The development of solid-state sensors and actuators during the last decade is reviewed, with emphasis on solid-state physical transducers for the measurement or control of the physical parameters in biomedical instrumentation systems. The principles and performance of electrodes, sensors for temperature, position, motion, pressure, fluid flow, and humidity, as well as actuators, are briefly discussed. Selective references on physical sensors and actuators are listed.