Waveguide and resonator perturbation techniques measuring chirality and nonreciprocity parameters of biisotropic materials

Waveguide and resonator perturbation techniques are considered for determining electromagnetic parameters of general biisotropic, or nonreciprocal chiral, materials. The bisotropic materials are the most general linear isotropic media, whose constitutive relations are governed by four complex material parameters. The material parameters of bisotropic media can be obtained through measuring the change in the propagation constant of waveguide modes or measuring the shift in the resonant frequency for resonators with perturbation techniques. To measure these parameters a method utilizing waveguides or cavity resonators with two degenerate modes is proposed