Design and analysis of transmitter diversity using intentional frequency offset for wireless communications

Coded modulation (usually with interleaving) is used in fading channel communications to achieve a good error performance. The major benefit from using coded modulation in fading channels is achieved if each code symbol of a codeword (or coded sequence) suffers statistically different fading (preferably independent fading). However, in many applications of mobile communications (e.g., in a metropolitan environment), a low vehicle speed (and hence, a small Doppler spread, f _D) is very common. With a small Doppler spread, ideal or close-to-ideal interleaving is no longer feasible and all code symbols of a codeword would suffer highly correlated fading especially in stationary fading (f_D≈0). Coded modulations will thus suffer seriously degraded performance. Previous performance analyses based on ideal interleaving are not accurate when a small Doppler spread is encountered and the much used union bound error probability analysis is loose for small Doppler spreads. To rectify this situation, this paper presents an improved performance analysis of coded modulations with correlated fading and pilot-symbol-assisted modulation (PSAM). Transmitter diversity can generate the necessary time-varying fading to maintain the effectiveness of a coded signaling scheme which this paper examines in detail using an intentional frequency offset between antennas. This work found that proper selections of the intentional frequency offset and interleaving depth can lead to good performance with traditional coded modulations (if enough antennas are used) using essentially the same simple demodulation structure as used in the traditional single-antenna PSAM