Development and application of loading for telephone circuits

A review of the art of loading telephone circuits as practised in the United States. The introductory section briefly reviews the theory of coil loading, and summarizes the principle characteristics of the first commercial standard loading coils and loading systems, thereby serving as a background for the description of the various improvements of outstanding importance which have been made in the loading coils and loading systems during the past fifteen years to meet the new or changing requirements in the rapidly advancing communication art. These major improvements are described in detail under the appropriate headings (1) Phantom Group Loading, (2) Loading for Repeatered Circuits, (3) Incidental Cables in Open-Wire Lines, (4) Cross-talk, (5) Telegraphy over Loaded Telephone Circuits, (6) Loading for Exchange Area Cables, and (7) Submarine Cables. The discussion of these various developments sets forth the relations between the loading features and the associated phases of telephone development, such as the cables, repeaters, telegraph working, and carrier telephone and telegraph systems. The concluding part of the paper gives some general statistics regarding the extent of the commercial application of loading in the United States, and a brief statement indicative of the large economic importance of loading to the telephone using public.