Printing telegraphs on non-loaded ocean cable

A. F. Connery: The method of cable signaling, suggested by Gulstad in 1898 and which is used in the operation of the printing telegraph system described by Mr. Angel, appears to be the only method available if the 5-unit 2-element code is to attempt to compete with the widely used 3-element unequal letter cable code on long cables. The application of this signaling method to the old-style duplex cables which span the Atlantic is no mean achievement, and many difficult and trying problems, of which little mention is made in the paper, must have been solved.