Title :
The effective frequency method in the analysis of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
Author :
Wenzel, Hans ; Wünsche, Hans-Jürgen
Author_Institution :
Ferdinard-Braun-Inst. fur Hochstfrequenztech., Berlin, Germany
fDate :
7/1/1997 12:00:00 AM
Abstract :
An effective index model for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is reexamined. In a systematic manner, the basic equations are derived. Instead of effective indices of plane reference waveguides, effective frequencies of plane reference resonators appear. Calculations of the threshold gain and lasing wavelength of a long-wavelength VCSEL show the usefulness of the method and clarify the waveguiding mechanisms in VCSELs, Both dispersion and waveguiding influence the lasing wavelength remarkably
Keywords :
laser cavity resonators; laser theory; optical waveguide theory; refractive index; semiconductor device models; semiconductor lasers; surface emitting lasers; waveguide lasers; VCSELs; basic equations; dispersion; effective frequencies; effective frequency method; effective index model; effective indices; lasing wavelength; long-wavelength VCSEL; plane reference resonators; plane reference waveguides; systematic manner; threshold gain; vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser analysis; waveguiding; waveguiding mechanisms; Boundary conditions; Frequency; Laser modes; Partial differential equations; Planar waveguides; Propagation constant; Semiconductor lasers; Surface emitting lasers; Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers; Waveguide lasers;
Journal_Title :
Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of
