Improving BES reliability at large generating station locations

The integrity and reliability of the bulk power electrical systems could be significantly enhanced by providing redundant or back up protection for the bus differentials, unit differentials, feeder differentials, and transformer differentials applied in generating station high voltage switchyards. These additions could be provided at a modest cost as outlined in the paper. Many existing large generating stations are also not equipped with out-of-step, inadvertent energization, pole flashover, and slow breaker closing during synchronizing protection schemes. The lack of these functions could have a negative impact on the bulk power system. They could be added at a relatively low cost to improve the reliability of the electrical system and at the same time significantly enhance the protection at large generating stations.