Inexpensive sawtooth wave; Adjustable and frequency-independent duty-cycle square-wave oscillator

An inexpensive oscillator which acts as a sawtooth wave as well as an adjustable and frequency-independent duty-cycle square-wave oscillator is developed. It involves a single operational amplifier as the main component and works by using a single positive power supply. Slight changes in the duty cycle of the oscillations at higher frequencies have been overcome in the modified circuit by bypassing the collector resistance of the transistor.