The effective illumination of streets

This paper mentions the dependence of effectiveness in street lighting upon municipal appropriations and efficient lamps, but discusses more particularly those aspects of effectiveness which are dependent upon skilful utilization of the light to produce the most effective illumination. There are included a classification of streets, a statement of the objects of street lighting and the elements of vision under street lighting conditions. The paper emphasizes three considerations which are sometimes neglected in street lighting discussions; namely, the silhouette effect, specular reflection from street pavements, and glare. The remainder of the paper is given over to a presentation of the variables upon which the effectiveness of street illumination depends, and upon the influence which each feature of the installation exercises through these several variables. As a part of this discussion illuminating efficiency values for the several modern street illuminants are given. The appendix includes statistics and photographs of some very recent installations which illustrate the latest trend in street lighting.