Discussion on “theory of parallel grounded wires and production of high frequency in transmission lines” (Creighton), Cleveland, Ohio, June 29, 1916. (see proceedings for June, 1916)

Harold S. Osborne: In considering any circuit which uses the ground as part of the electric circuit, we are forced to take account of a factor which in the present state of the art is to a considerable extent unknown, that is the property of the ground itself. The ground is not a perfect conductor, and in a great many instances in which the ground is used as a part of the circuit, the effect of the resistance of the ground is very considerable.