Charging of electric vehicles and demand response management in a Singaporean car park

Uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles can affect the power system operation and stability. In cities with high population density and with short driving distances like Singapore, car parks bear a high proportion of private vehicles most of the day. These car parks can be regarded as aggregators and control the charging process. Demand response could be used by the car park operators as an additional source of revenue and thus help offset the high installation costs. This paper investigates different charging strategies and demand response management possibilities within a specific car park. Data for arrival times and parking durations are obtained using available statistical information, charging of individual electric vehicles is controlled by the car park operator and effects of demand response management on the total charging cost of the system is analysed.