Calibration of Electromagnetic Dot Sensor—Part 1: B-Dot Mode

The electromagnetic dot (EM-dot) sensor is a time integrating device that measures the temporal change in the electric flux density (D-dot mode) and the magnetic flux density (B-dot mode) simultaneously serving the function of two devices commonly referred to as the D-dot and the B-dot, respectively. Theoretical and experimental calibration studies are presented in this paper pertaining to the EM-dot in B-dot mode. Calibration theories are verified with experimental calibration studies and allow for custom calibration or calibration correction. Absolute measurements are accurate to within a 1.1% in B-dot mode over the entire history of the pulse stimulus originating and terminating in noise. Point-by-point within a 95% noise confidence interval, the EM-dot tracks the reference test signal over 100% of the entire history of the calibration pulse stimulus.