Optimal Single-Pulse for Pacemakers Based on a Sinoatrial Model

This study designs an optimal single-pulse stimulus in pacemakers to treat sudden cardiac arrest, while minimizing the pulse amplitude and reducing the delivered energy. Based on the Yanagihara, Noma, and Irisawa (YNI) model that describes the potential behavior of a sinoatrial node in a heart, it develops the frequency entrainment between irregular YNI-response and optimal single-pulse. This study derives the minimum amplitude of the optimal single-pulse for successful entrainment. Simulation results confirm that the proposed optimal single pulse is effective to induce rapid response of sudden cardiac arrest for heartbeat recovery, while a reduction in delivered energy of 91%, comparing with conventional pulse. This study will be helpful not only for the treatment of sudden cardiac arrest but also for prolonging battery longevity and reducing the stimuli pain on patients with implantable medical devices.