Solving IBC-CFIE With Dual Basis Functions

The surface integral equation method is applied to solve electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional imperfectly conducting objects modeled with the Leontovitch impedance boundary condition (IBC). Dual basis functions are used to remove previously reported difficulties associated with the solution of the combined field integral equation for objects with the IBC. By expanding the magnetic current with quasi-curl conforming dual functions and the electric current with divergence conforming primary (RWG) functions leads to a stable discretization procedure for the rotation (n ×) operator required by the IBC.