What went wrong VI: Learning from (heart) failure: The implantable cardiac pacemaker is now beginning to reach the useful lifetime it was supposed to have had 15 years ago

The implantable cardiac pacemaker is now beginning to reach the useful lifetime it was supposed to have had 15 years ago. Many of the early failures of pacemakers now occur only rarely. But why they occurred at all, what was learned from them, and what has been done to try to prevent them from recurring, is the essence of the article.