Title :
The past, present, and future of atomic time and frequency
Author :
Ramsey, Norman F.
Author_Institution :
Lyman Lab. of Phys., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA
fDate :
7/1/1991 12:00:00 AM
Abstract :
The early history of atomic time and frequency standards is reviewed. The most accurate and stable present standards are described. Prospective future improvements, particularly with trapped ions and atoms, are discussed. A historical perspective on this topic is provided
Keywords :
atomic clocks; frequency measurement; measurement standards; reviews; time measurement; atomic standards; atomic time; frequency standards; measurement standards; trapped atoms; trapped ions; Atomic beams; Atomic clocks; Atomic measurements; Cooling; Gas lasers; Hydrogen; Laser stability; Masers; Radio frequency; Resonance;
Journal_Title :
Proceedings of the IEEE
