Cost of transformer losses

The following paper is an investigation of the losses produced in a system by the distributing transformers, with a view to determining the cost to the central station of supplying these losses. The cost of the losses occurring in a transformer is of the same order of magnitude as the cost of the transformer itself and should, therefore, receive the same amount of consideration. If a transformer had a perfect magnetic (iron) circuit and a perfect electric (copper) circuit, no losses would be produced if it were placed on a system. Hence the losses which do actually occur come into two general divisions, viz.: (1) Losses due to imperfect iron, and (2) Losses due to imperfect copper.