New non-linear analytical model for distortion analysis of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

This study introduces an accurate non-linear distortion analysis for vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) based on Volterra series approach in directly modulated scheme. Closed-form expressions of the optical response of VCSELs in terms of modulation response, harmonic distortions, and second- and third-order intermodulation distortions are derived. The impact of external optical feedback on the VCSEL´s response and intermodulation distortion is investigated. Moreover, the suggested non-linear model avoids the numerical solution of laser rate equations and provides in detail a non-linear distortion analysis of VCSELs.