Optimal planning of parking lots and DLC programs of Demand Response for enhancing distribution networks reliability

Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) have been developing to cope with fossil fuels pollution produced by Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles in big cities. The vehicles are equipped by strong batteries which can be charged and discharged for many times. This significant aspect enables vehicles to participate in various electricity power markets. Ancillary services, peak shaving, smoothing renewable fluctuations are advantages of the technologies. Despite above benefits, inappropriate place and size of parking lots may threaten distribution network reliability. In this paper, optimal sitting and sizing of parking lots are presented to maintain distribution network reliability. Direct Load Control (DLC) programs of Demand Response (DR) are also taken into account in order to enhance reliability while integrating parking lots in distribution networks. Transformer and small groups of customers are aimed to apply DLC programs. Energy Not Supplied (ENS) and Average Sustained Interruption Duration (ASIDI) are evaluated as important reliability indices to evaluate system reliability. Simulation is carried out on a 33 bus radial distribution network. Availability of PEVs market penetration is examined on simulation. Backward-Forward Sweep method is used for optimal power flow. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to solve optimization problem. Results show optimal sitting and sizing of parking lots with considering network reliability and DLC programs. Results confirm %10.5-%12.5 reliability enhancements are occurred by applying DLC on transformer and customer levels in sequence. %2-%6 Reliability is also improved by growing %50 PEVs penetration markets.