Single-crystal dielectric resonators for low-temperature electronics applications

Computed properties of high-Q factor sapphire, YAG, SrLaAlO₄ , LaAlO₃, rutile, and quartz dielectric resonators (DR) operating on whispering-gallery TE₀₁₁ and TE_0.1δ modes are presented in this paper. Resonators with a superconducting metal or partly superconducting partly metal shield are considered. For whispering-gallery-mode resonators, dielectric losses determine the upper limit for their Q factors, while for TE₀₁₁-mode resonators, their Q factors are usually limited by conductor losses. Single-crystal TE_0.1δ-mode resonators would have Q factors determined by both dielectric and conductor losses, and dominant loss mechanism depends on crystal losses and shield geometry. Geometric factors that allow evaluation of conductor losses of TE₀₁₁- and TE_0.1δ-mode resonators are given for different DR structures