Accurate radio-frequency microvoltages

The questionable accuracy of radio-frequency microvoltages has been of great concern to the radio field for many years. There is an urgent need for a simple, yet reliable, source of microvolts for measurements in general and for radio receiver sensitivity determinations in particular. Extremely simple devices, which seem to satisfy that need most adequately, were recently developed. They are sources of potential drop obtained across a known resistance through which known currents flow. These devices provide constant voltage sources of accurate microvolts over a range of 1 to 105 and wider, at all frequencies to 300 megacycles and higher. They are adaptable for balanced as well as for unbalanced sources. Their electrical constants are simply determined by using known direct voltages and currents. Basic principles, design features, and applications are discussed.