Effective value of direct-voltage ripple

Rectifiers produce a ripple of the direct-voltage output. Because it has many different shapes, it is hard to describe in simple terms except by the effective (root-mean-square) value of the ripple voltage, giving only one number to designate its magnitude. Within the limitations given in the paper, all ripples depend only on voltage magnitude, repetition rate, overlap (time of current commutation), and phase delay angles. Calculation of the magnitude is attempted by various methods; the most straightforward one uses two normalized functions of overlap and repetition rate (expressed as per-unit values). Figures in the paper give these functions within the range of validity and examples show how to use the method and interpret the results. Without phase control the resulting relative ripple magnitude (ripple voltage over direct voltage) is plotted against both repetition rate and overlap.