Bipolar and bilateral voltage-current/current-voltage converters using operational amplifiers in summing mode

A practical bipolar, bilateral voltage-source to current-source converter scheme using two operational amplifiers (OA´s) in summing mode is described. The scheme also behaves as a current-voltage (I-V) converter when certain specific constraints are observed. The summing mode application of OA´s has its effect on the range of operation whose safe limits are discussed. The scheme is versatile, is largely insensitive to supply voltage variations, and can be used with conversion factor scaling for the desired output range with a specific input range excursion.