Cost-efficient electromagnetic-simulation-driven antenna design using co-Kriging

A technique for design optimisation of antennas is presented. The approach exploits coarse-discretisation electromagnetic (EM) simulations of the antenna of interest that are used to create its fast initial model (a surrogate) through Kriging. During the design process, predictions obtained by optimising the surrogate are verified using high-fidelity EM simulations, and these high-fidelity data are used to enhance the surrogate using co-Kriging interpolation that accommodates all EM simulation data into one surrogate model. The co-Kriging-based optimisation algorithm is simple and it is capable of yielding a satisfactory design at a low-cost equivalent to a few high-fidelity EM simulations of the antenna under design. To the best of author´s knowledge, this is a first application of co-Kriging to antenna design. The proposed approach is demonstrated using several antenna design cases and compared with other techniques including pattern search and space mapping.