Second-order-difference integrator. Design base for realising high-resolution digital differential analysers

The limited information transmitted between integrators in binary and ternary systems has led to consideration of multibit methods. However, conventionally implemented, these are expensive, because each integrator requires not only a more complex interconnection matrix, but also a full multiplier. The use of 2nd-order differences leads, in many instances, to a cheaper system, because, in a fast machine, the integral increments will not change significantly between solution steps.