A leaky-wave analysis of the high-gain printed antenna configuration

A leaky-wave analysis is used to explain the narrow-beam resonance-gain phenomenon in which narrow beams may be produced from a printed antenna element in a substrate-superstrate geometry. It is demonstrated that the phenomenon is attributable to the presence of both transverse electric and transverse magnetic-mode leaky waves, that are excited on the structure. Asymptotic formulas for the leaky wave are compared with the exact patterns to demonstrate the dominant role of the leaky waves in determining the pattern. Results are presented as a function of frequency, the scan angle, and the permittivity of the superstrate