Ultrasound speed varies in articular cartilage under indentation loading [Coresspondence]

In ultrasound elastography, tissue strains are determined by localizing changes in ultrasound echoes during mechanical loading. The technique has been proposed for arthroscopic quantification of the mechanical properties of cartilage. The accuracy of ultrasound elastography depends on the invariability of sound speed in loaded tissue. In unconfined geometry, mechanical compression has been shown to induce variation in sound speed, leading to errors in the determined mechanical properties. This phenomenon has not been confirmed in indentation geometry, the only loading geometry applicable in situ or in vivo. In the present study, ultrasound speed during indentation of articular cartilage was characterized and the effect of variable sound speed on the strain measurements was investigated. Osteochondral samples (n = 7, diameter = 25.4 mm), prepared from visually intact bovine patellae (n = 7), were indented with a plane-ended ultrasound transducer (diameter = 5.6 mm, peak frequency: 8.1 MHz). A sequence of three compression tests (strain-rate = 10%/s, 2700-s relaxation) was applied using the mean strains of 2.2%, 4.5%, and 6.4%. Then, ultrasound speed during the ramp and stress-relaxation phases was determined using the time-of- flight technique. To investigate the role of cartilage structure and composition for sound speed in loaded articular cartilage, a sample-specific fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic (FRPVE) fi- nite element model was constructed and fitted to experimental mechanical data. Ultrasound speed in articular cartilage de- creased significantly during dynamic indentation (p <; 0.05). The magnitude of the decrease in speed during indentation was related to the applied strain. However, the relative error in acoustically determined tissue strain was inversely related to the magnitude of true strain. The modeling results sug- gested that the compression-related variation in sound speed is controlled by changes in the collagen architecture during dynami- indentation. To conclude, variation in sound speed during dynamic indentation of articular cartilage may lead to significant errors in the values of measured mechanical param- eters. Because the relative errors are inversely proportional to applied strain, higher strains should be used to minimize the errors in, e.g., in vivo measurements.