A Catheterization-Training Simulator Based on a Fast Multigrid Solver

A VR-based simulator helps trainees develop skills for catheterization, a fundamental but difficult procedure in vascular interventional radiology. A deformable model simulates the complicated behavior of guide wires and catheters, using the principle of minimum total potential energy. A fast, stable multigrid solver ensures realistic simulation and real-time interaction. In addition, the system employs geometrically and topologically accurate vascular models based on improved parallel-transport frames, and it implements efficient collision detection. Experiments evaluated the method´s stability, the solver´s execution time, how well the simulation preserved the catheter´s curved tip, and the catheter deformation´s realism. An empirical study based on a typical selective-catheterization procedure assessed the system´s feasibility and effectiveness.