DocumentCode :
1469871
Title :
Triboelectric Charging of Insulators—Evidence for Electrons Versus Ions
Author :
Williams, Meurig W.
Author_Institution :
Xerox, Bradenton, USA
Volume :
47
Issue :
3
fYear :
2011
Firstpage :
1093
Lastpage :
1099
Abstract :
Whether electrons or ions are involved in triboelectric charging of insulators remains elusive. We designed polymers whose surface compositions (determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) differed from the bulk. Charging against insulators related to their topmost surface compositions, but against metals related to their bulk compositions. We propose the hypothesis that the former involves ion exchange between the topmost surfaces and the latter involves electron tunneling into the bulk, thus postulating a relationship between charging mechanism and charge penetration depth, which is supported by the fact that ions are known to adsorb to polymer surfaces and electrons are considered to penetrate into the bulk. Integration of this with the frequently conflicting evidence and hypotheses of others has, for the first time, led to a coherent though qualitative overall understanding of brief contact charging mechanisms: ion exchange for insulator-insulator contacts, both electron and ion exchange for metal-insulator contacts, and electron exchange for metal-metal contacts, consistent with successively increasing “electron availability” at these interfaces. We suggest that this concept of relative surface “availability” of the charge exchange agent also accounts for the predominance of mobile ion exchange over hydroxide ion and electron exchange when mobile-ion-containing organic salts or polymers are involved.
Keywords :
electric charge; electrons; polymer insulators; surface charging; charge exchange agent; charge penetration depth; charging mechanism; electron availability; electron exchange; electron tunneling; electron versus ion; hydroxide ion; metal-insulator contact; metal-metal contacts; mobile ion exchange; mobile-ion-containing organic salts; polymer electron; polymer surface; surface availability; surface composition; triboelectric charging; Films; Insulators; Ions; Metals; Mobile communication; Plastics; Surface charging; Surface analysis of polymers; XPS; triboelectric charge penetration depth; triboelectric charging mechanisms;
fLanguage :
English
Journal_Title :
Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on
Publisher :
ieee
ISSN :
0093-9994
Type :
jour
DOI :
10.1109/TIA.2011.2126032
Filename :
5729336
Link To Document :
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