Prediction methods for sonar systems

Performance prediction in sonar is centred around the so-called sonar equation relating various parameters defined by the medium, the target, and the equipment. In this paper an active sonar equation valid for both short transient and long-pulse sonars is presented, and a discussion is given of each of the sonar parameters. Of particular interest is a generalized source level for comparing explosive and pulsed sonars, and prediction expressions for reverberation and detection threshold. An illustration of the use of these concepts is a recent determination of the back-scattering coefficient of the deep sea bed using explosive sound sources.