Antisymmetrical amplifier networks

The non-reciprocal activity of the general two-terminal-pair (two-port) transmission network may be attributed to an ideal element characterized by an immittance matrix of the type [0, ± jr; ¿ jr, 0], where r is a real number parameter. It is convenient to generalize this element to the complex parameter case, that is, with z (complex) rather than r, including the special case of the actively-represented gyrator, for which the parameter is a pure imaginary. This more general element is called the antisymmetrical amplifier. Its properties are discussed, basic circuits for its realization are given and it is shown that similar properties may be distinguished in certain classes of practical electronic circuits.