Control of load, frequency, and time of interconnected systems

The general problem is stated and typical solutions indicated. Characteristics of governors and of frequency and load-control devices are briefly explained, and effects on generator and tie-line loads are summarized. Illustrating the principles enunciated, interconnected systems in southern Ontario and adjacent portions of Quebec totaling 1,650,000-kw generating capacity are described, also operating experience with automatic frequency control, and automatic load control of two ties, one of which is a 45,000-kw frequency-changer set interconnecting systems of relatively large capacity.