Harmonic leakage and image quality degradation in tissue harmonic imaging

Image quality degradation caused by harmonic leakage was studied for finite amplitude distortion-based harmonic imaging. Various sources of harmonic leakage, including transmit waveform, signal bandwidth, and system nonlinearity, were investigated using both simulations and hydrophone measurements. Effects of harmonic leakage in the presence of sound velocity inhomogeneities were also considered. Results indicated that sidelobe levels of the harmonic beam pattern were directly affected by harmonic leakage when the harmonic signal was obtained by filtering out the fundamental signal. Because sidelobe levels also increase with the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, a trade-off exists between axial resolution and contrast resolution. It is concluded that accurate control of the frequency content of the waveform prior to propagation is necessary to optimize imaging performance of tissue harmonic imaging. The filtering technique was also compared with the pulse inversion technique. It was shown that the pulse inversion technique effectively suppresses harmonic leakage at the cost of imaging frame rate and potential motion artifacts.